ScienceShot science reference

Search ScienceShot's science reference pages and articles on radiation and particle physics, photonics, electronics and quantum physics. Returns up to 5 pages with title, date, link and summary.

Convert vacuum wavelength, frequency, spectroscopic wavenumber and photon energy with CODATA 2018 constants. Returns photon rate for optical power, photons per joule, momentum and all matching overlapping ISO 21348 spectral categories.

Calculate both Wien peaks, Planck peak spectral radiances and Stefan-Boltzmann radiant exitance for an ideal blackbody from 1 K to 100000 K. Numerically integrates the fraction of total power in a wavelength band, default 380-760 nm, using shared CODATA 2018 constants.

Calculate Varshni bandgap, intrinsic and doped equilibrium carriers, Fermi level above the valence edge and conductivity for Si, Ge or GaAs. Assumes fully ionized dopants and non-degenerate statistics; conductivity uses fixed 300 K low-field mobilities and the result flags degeneracy.

Calculate Johnson-Nyquist thermal noise voltage, current and available power kTB, Schottky shot noise, noise figure and noise temperature (290 K reference), input noise floor and SNR in dB, and the ideal ADC quantization SNR (6.02 N + 1.76 dB) with ENOB from a measured SINAD. Classical white-noise formulas with CODATA 2018 constants; every answer cites Johnson, Nyquist, Schottky, Friis and Kester.

Calculate parent and daughter activities using NuDat 3 half-lives and branching. Supply an isotope ID, initial activity and elapsed time with units.

Calculate a tungsten tube spectrum, mean energy (fluence-weighted), aluminium and copper half-value layers, air kerma and the fraction of kerma removed by added filters. Uses SpekPy 2.5.4 with 12 degree anode and 2.5 mm Al inherent filtration; interpolates continuum on normalized energy and fixed-energy characteristic lines between stored kVp, applies NIST XCOM filters and solves kerma-weighted HVLs using NIST SRD 126 air mu_en/rho. Narrow beam without scatter, inverse-square distance.

Calculate the cosmic-ray ambient dose equivalent rate H*(10) and effective dose rate E (ICRP 116), in uSv/h, inside an aircraft cabin (0-20 km) or on the ground (0-6 km), for a latitude, longitude and solar activity, and the effective dose of a stay or flight at that place. Uses precomputed PARMA 4.10 tables of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (US Standard Atmosphere, vertical cut-off rigidity Rc from the PARMA database for the present epoch, A340 reference mass in the aircraft), interpolated log-linearly in altitude and linearly in Rc and W-index. Galactic cosmic rays only, one position and no route integration; for route doses use EXPACS. Give either w_index (0-150) or solar (min for December 2009, max for August 2024).

Compute a point-source air-kerma rate constant from listed NNDC photon lines and NIST air energy-absorption coefficients, with resolved LNHB photon supplements. Apply activity and inverse-square distance with optional line-by-line shielding; collision air kerma (mu_en/rho) is not H*(10), and no broad-beam build-up factor is included. Cs-137 includes equilibrium Ba-137m at 94.7% branching; weak lines and unresolved X-ray groups may be absent.

Calculate dipole synchrotron energy loss per turn, radiated power per beam and critical photon energy in an isomagnetic ring. Give total beam energy including rest energy, beam current and exactly one bending radius or dipole field; an optional circumference returns revolution frequency. Uses CODATA 2018 and classical radiation formulae; this is beam radiation rather than facility electrical demand.

Calculate proton CSDA range, stopping power, Bragg peak, distal R80 and relative dose per fluence in water or ICRU soft tissue. Uses Bethe range and Bortfeld (1997) with Gaussian straggling and initial energy spread; tissue is water-equivalent and energies above 200 MeV are extrapolated.

Solves the signed reflection grating equation and ideal Rayleigh resolution from Hecht, Optics, 5th edition and the MKS Newport handbook. Returns allowed order bounds, angular dispersion, illuminated groove count, linewidth, Littrow angle and local approximate free spectral range; excludes slit and aberration limits.

Converts external quantum efficiency and responsivity using CODATA 2018 h, c and e, and computes photocurrent and unity-gain shot noise following Hamamatsu. Returns dark and illuminated shot-noise NEP, sourced Si/Ge/In0.53Ga0.47As bandgap thresholds and LED photon energy; excludes thermal, amplifier and excess noise.

Gaussian propagation and thin-lens focusing from Siegman, Lasers (1986), with ISO 11146 beam propagation ratio. Returns Rayleigh range, radius, curvature, Gaussian-model Gouy phase, half-angle divergence, focused waist, depth of focus and peak intensity; phase and intensity for M^2 > 1 are Gaussian estimates.

Power margin and fixed-component power reach from ITU-T G.652.D cable attenuation maxima. Returns chromatic broadening and a dispersion-limited estimate using explicit spectral width and allowed bit-period fraction; excludes chirp, PMD, nonlinearities, overload and compensation.

Calculate microstrip impedance and effective permittivity with Hammerstad-Jensen (1980) thickness correction. Returns Wheeler (1977) zero-thickness synthesis and a separate thickness-corrected H-J target width; dispersion and losses are ignored.

Calculate single-qubit average fidelity under Markovian amplitude/phase damping using Nielsen (2002). Accept T1, T2 or Tphi and gate time; checks T2 <= 2T1 and returns pure dephasing, error per gate and an independent-error depth proxy, not a circuit-success guarantee.

Calculate reduced-mass Rydberg vacuum and standard-air wavelengths, level energies and ionization energies for H, D or a one-electron ion. Supply integer lower and upper levels; custom ions need Z and a bare nuclear mass in kg. Air uses Edlen (1966), dry air at 15 C and 101325 Pa, from 300 to 1700 nm; fine structure and Lamb shifts are excluded.

Calculate the exact transmission coefficient of a one-dimensional rectangular potential barrier for an electron, proton or alpha particle, below or above the barrier height. Give particle energy and barrier height in eV and barrier width in nm; the result adds the WKB exponential estimate, the thick-barrier asymptote and the decay length. Textbook closed form (OpenStax University Physics 3, 7.6) with CODATA 2018 masses; a single square barrier only, no band structure or image-charge effects.

Convert a radiation value between units of the same quantity. Gy and Sv are never converted into each other: that needs a radiation weighting factor.

Narrow-beam photon attenuation from NIST XCOM. Give thickness in mm and energy in keV.

Bethe and Landau thin-absorber estimates and a CSDA range for a heavy charged particle. The range is truncated at beta*gamma 0.05; give momentum or kinetic energy and thickness.

Density, Z/A, mean excitation energy, radiation length, nuclear interaction and collision lengths, electron critical energy, Moliere radius and available melting and boiling points for 17 materials. Lengths are returned in g/cm2 and cm using the library density, alongside the NIST ESTAR density-effect table and a PDG 2024 source citation. Give a material name or ID.

Most probable and mean electron-hole pairs, collected charge, energy deposit and Landau FWHM. Assumes full collection without gain; Si at 300 K, Ge at 77 K. Defaults: muon, 3000 MeV/c, silicon, 300 micrometres.

Heavy-particle energy-loss distribution with MPV, Landau FWHM, finite-transfer Bethe mean, xi, kappa, regime, peak constants and 161 Landau density points. Gaussian regimes include sigma_mev; the returned Landau curve is then inapplicable. Defaults: muon, 10000 MeV/c, silicon, 300 micrometres.

Query the ScienceShot QEP device ledger: published measurements of qubit coherence (T1, T2), single- and two-qubit gate fidelity, readout fidelity and gate time on superconducting, trapped-ion, neutral-atom, semiconductor-spin, defect-spin and photonic devices, one cited row per result. Filter by platform, metric, statistic and since_year. With a metric, rows come best first and comparable rows before the rest. Each row gives value, unit, SI value, date, source type, reference, link and the figure or table where the number was read; the answer adds the ledger release and the page to cite. Best, median, mean and single-device values are separate rows; Pauli-error and photonic rows are flagged not comparable.