ScienceShot data-centre intelligence and physics reference

Dated overview of a European data-centre market: how many data-centre projects of 1 MW or more our pipeline tracker lists and how many are permitted or being built, who develops the most of them, whether new grid connections are paused, rationed or conditional in that country, the grid carbon intensity and power price this hour, and how many data-centre rules apply. Use for questions like "data centres in Germany", "Frankfurt data centre market", "who is building data centres in Spain". Metros: London, Frankfurt, Paris, Amsterdam, Dublin, Milan, Madrid. Countries: United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Finland, Netherlands, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Greece, Poland, Denmark, Portugal, Belgium, Switzerland, Czechia, Croatia, Estonia, Romania, Austria, Lithuania, Hungary, Latvia.

Where in Europe new grid connections for data centres are paused, rationed, conditional or congested, by country, with the measure's name, what it applies to and when it started. Without a country: the whole ranking. Use for questions like "where can I still connect a data centre to the grid in Europe", "is Ireland's grid moratorium still in force".

The national and EU rules for building and running a data centre in one European country (energy efficiency reporting, waste heat, permitting, grid), each with its status, who it applies to and the next date that matters, plus upcoming deadlines. Countries: Germany, France, Ireland, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Poland, United Kingdom, Belgium, Czechia, Portugal, Switzerland, Norway, Greece, Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Slovenia, Cyprus, Malta.

This hour's grid carbon intensity (gCO2/kWh), renewable share and day-ahead power price for a European market, the cleanest window in the next hours and its rank among 15 markets. Without a market: all markets ranked cleanest first. Markets: Germany, United Kingdom, France, Netherlands, Ireland, Italy (North), Spain, Poland, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Norway (NO2), Sweden (SE3), Denmark (DK1), Finland.

Search ScienceShot's data-centre trackers, reference pages and articles (data centres, grid, energy, electronics, physics). Returns up to 5 pages with title, date, link and summary.

Calculate parent and daughter activities using NuDat 3 half-lives and branching. Supply an isotope ID, initial activity and elapsed time with units.

Compute a point-source air-kerma rate constant from listed NNDC photon lines and NIST air energy-absorption coefficients, with resolved LNHB photon supplements. Apply activity and inverse-square distance with optional line-by-line shielding; collision air kerma (mu_en/rho) is not H*(10), and no broad-beam build-up factor is included. Cs-137 includes equilibrium Ba-137m at 94.7% branching; weak lines and unresolved X-ray groups may be absent.

Calculate dipole synchrotron energy loss per turn, radiated power per beam and critical photon energy in an isomagnetic ring. Give total beam energy including rest energy, beam current and exactly one bending radius or dipole field; an optional circumference returns revolution frequency. Uses CODATA 2018 and classical radiation formulae; this is beam radiation rather than facility electrical demand.

Convert a radiation value between units of the same quantity. Gy and Sv are never converted into each other: that needs a radiation weighting factor.

Narrow-beam photon attenuation from NIST XCOM. Give thickness in mm and energy in keV.

Bethe and Landau thin-absorber estimates and a CSDA range for a heavy charged particle. The range is truncated at beta*gamma 0.05; give momentum or kinetic energy and thickness.

Density, Z/A, mean excitation energy, radiation length, nuclear interaction and collision lengths, electron critical energy, Moliere radius and available melting and boiling points for 17 materials. Lengths are returned in g/cm2 and cm using the library density, alongside the NIST ESTAR density-effect table and a PDG 2024 source citation. Give a material name or ID.

Most probable and mean electron-hole pairs, collected charge, energy deposit and Landau FWHM. Assumes full collection without gain; Si at 300 K, Ge at 77 K. Defaults: muon, 3000 MeV/c, silicon, 300 micrometres.

The inputs of a colocation data-centre business case for one European market: construction cost per MW, colocation prices per kW-month, electricity price, staff cost, guarding, property tax, exit yield, grid wait, permitting and grid charges. Needs a personal ScienceShot key (Authorization: Bearer): a free account gets round example values, ScienceShot Premium the ScienceShot figures with low and high; each answer counts as one run. Markets: Amsterdam, Athens, Berlin, Copenhagen, Dublin, Frankfurt, Helsinki, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Milan, Oslo, Paris, Stockholm, Vienna, Warsaw, Zurich.