Zotero MCP

Get annotations (highlights and attached notes on PDF/EPUB attachments) for a specific item or across the active Zotero library. item_key: pass the parent item key OR an attachment key — both work; attachment-to-parent resolution is automatic. ALWAYS pass item_key when you know which item you want; calling without it returns every annotation in the library (potentially thousands). use_pdf_extraction=True falls back to direct PDF parsing when the Zotero API has no stored annotation record — useful for annotations made outside Zotero desktop. limit: cap on annotations returned; None (default) returns all. format='markdown' (default) returns a readable list; format='json' returns normalized records with stable keys for downstream scripts and other MCP tools. Uses Better BibTeX when Zotero desktop is running locally, otherwise the Zotero web API. Example: zotero_get_annotations(item_key='ABC12345') → every highlight/note on that paper.

Read notes from the active Zotero library. Omit query to LIST notes: with item_key, that item's child notes; without it, notes library-wide (capped by limit). Pass query to SEARCH note and annotation text instead — case-insensitive substring over the stripped-text body, library-wide, so query and item_key cannot be combined. limit: max results (default 20). truncate=True (default) shortens long bodies for display; pass False for complete content (list mode only). raw_html=True returns a note's original HTML instead of stripped text — use it when you intend to edit and round-trip via zotero_manage_note(action='update'). Scope: active library only (zotero_switch_library to change). Example: zotero_get_notes(item_key='ABC12345', raw_html=True); zotero_get_notes(query='mindfulness').

Create, update, or trash a Zotero note. item_key: the PARENT item's key for action='create', the NOTE's own key for 'update' and 'delete' (zotero_get_notes finds it). create: needs note_text — Markdown with $math$, plus <u> <s> <sub> <sup> <mark> <span style="color:red"> (or background-color), converted to note HTML; HTML input is sanitized. note_title becomes a heading; tags optional. update: needs note_text (Markdown or HTML, as for create). append=False (default) REPLACES the whole body, append=True adds to the end. To keep existing formatting, fetch with zotero_get_notes(raw_html=True), edit that HTML, and pass it back whole. delete: moves the note to the Trash — recoverable; emptying the Trash is manual in Zotero. Notes only, not items/collections/attachments. Requires a writable library: local writes (Zotero 10+, via zotero_authorize_local_writes) or a web API key. Example: (action='create', item_key='ABC12345', note_title='Reading notes', note_text='<p>Key claim ...</p>').

Create an annotation on a PDF attachment (EPUB: highlights only). Exactly one mode per call: text= HIGHLIGHTS selectable text; rect= draws an AREA box over a figure, table, or other non-text region (PDF only); note=[x, y] places a STICKY NOTE centered on that normalized point, its text in comment (PDF only). Passing several or none is an error. attachment_key: the PDF/EPUB attachment key, NOT the parent item key (zotero_get_item_children finds it). page: 1-indexed page (EPUB: 1-indexed chapter). text: exact text to highlight, matched against the text layer — scanned/image-only PDFs will not match. rect: [x, y, width, height] normalized to [0, 1], with (0, 0) at the page's top-left; width/height are page-relative and the box must fit the page. Call zotero_get_page_layout first and reuse a detected region's bbox instead of guessing coordinates. comment, color (hex, default '#ffd400'), tags: optional. Requires PyMuPDF (the [pdf] extra) and a writable library: local writes (Zotero 10+) or a web API key. Examples: (attachment_key='NHZFE5A7', page=4, text='working memory'); (attachment_key='NHZFE5A7', page=7, rect=[0.15, 0.22, 0.6, 0.35], comment='Figure 3').

Detect candidate figure/table regions on a PDF page and return their normalized bounding boxes, so area annotations can be placed on detected content instead of guessed positions. ALWAYS call this before zotero_create_annotation's area mode unless exact coordinates are already known. Returns each region's bounding box (x, y, width, height in [0, 1]), source (image/drawing/table/merged), associated caption (e.g. 'Figure 3: ...'), confidence level, and a ready-to-paste zotero_create_annotation call. Note: detection is geometric — boxes cover the graphical core of a figure/table; text labels inside figures or unruled table headers may fall outside the box. Confidence reflects caption matching, not box completeness. attachment_key: PDF attachment key — NOT the parent item key (use zotero_get_item_children to find attachments). page: 1-indexed page number (page 1 is the first page). Scope: PDFs only — EPUB attachments are NOT supported. Read-only: works in both local and web API modes. Example: zotero_get_page_layout(attachment_key='NHZFE5A7', page=7).

Update an existing Zotero annotation. Editable fields: text (highlight text), comment, color (hex like '#ffd400'), and tags. Tags can be replaced wholesale via `tags`, or edited incrementally via `add_tags`/`remove_tags` (mutually exclusive with `tags`). Position/page/sortIndex are anchored to the PDF/EPUB geometry and are not editable.

Permanently delete a Zotero annotation. This cannot be undone. Annotations are deleted outright, as Zotero's own PDF reader does: a trashed annotation stays visible in the reader with no way to remove it there.

Fetch detailed metadata (title, creators, date, DOI, publisher, tags, abstract, URL, etc.) for ONE Zotero item by key. If the metadata and abstract don't contain what you need, call zotero_get_item_fulltext to read the paper — but that is resource-intensive (10K+ tokens) and should NEVER be used for searching; use zotero_search_items or zotero_semantic_search instead. item_key: the 8-character Zotero item key (NOT a DOI or title). include_abstract=True (default) includes the abstractNote in markdown output; pass False to trim tokens when you don't need it. (Ignored in bibtex/json formats.) format='markdown' (default) returns a human-readable block; format='json' returns the complete raw Zotero item record; format='bibtex' returns a BibTeX citation string suitable for .bib files. Scope: active library only (switch with zotero_switch_library). Unlike list endpoints, this returns items EVEN IF THEY ARE IN THE TRASH — a Status: In Trash line is surfaced when the item is trashed (recoverable via the Zotero UI). Collection membership is shown as keys rather than a bare count so the caller can verify entries against zotero_search_collections (the Zotero API does not cascade collection-delete to items, so dangling references can linger). Example: zotero_get_item_metadata(item_key='RTKZQI8E', format='bibtex').

Return the extracted text of a Zotero item's primary attachment (PDF or EPUB). WARNING: returns most or all of the paper (often 10K+ tokens). Use ONLY when the user explicitly wants to READ the paper — not for searching or browsing. For topic search use zotero_semantic_search; for metadata only use zotero_get_item_metadata. PDFs are read up to fulltext_display_max_pages (10 by default); when that cuts a document short the heading names the page range and TRUNCATED — read on with zotero_read_pdf_pages. Avoid calling this on multiple papers in one conversation unless the user specifically asked to read several. item_key: 8-character Zotero item key. Normally the parent item — the tool locates the attached PDF/EPUB itself, preferring PDF unless attachment_priority says otherwise. Passing an attachment's own key instead reads exactly that file and skips the priority order, which is how you read one specific attachment of an item that has several (find keys via zotero_get_item_children). Scope: active library only. Extraction path (in order): local Zotero storage via SQLite when running in local mode (fastest, respects pdf_max_pages config); Zotero's server-side fulltext index; direct download and parsing as a last resort. Image-only scanned PDFs without OCR may return little or no text. Example: zotero_get_item_fulltext(item_key='RTKZQI8E').

Return the local filesystem path(s) of a Zotero item's attachments. Local mode only. Useful when you want to read a large PDF directly (e.g., a book) instead of going through zotero_get_item_fulltext, which is page-limited.

List all collections in the currently active Zotero library as a hierarchical tree (parents and nested subcollections, each with its 8-character key). Use this when the user wants to see the full library structure. If you already know a name and just need the key, prefer zotero_search_collections — it returns only matches. Scope is limited to the active library — switch libraries with zotero_switch_library before listing. Deep hierarchies render inline without truncation, so very deep trees can be long. limit: cap on collections returned; pass None (default) to use 100, or raise to 5000 for libraries with thousands of collections. include_trashed: when True, also show collections in the Zotero Trash (annotated as such). Default False, matching Zotero desktop's default view. Example output: - **Orals** (Key: MT53KB66) - **Early America** (Key: 3249BZKE) - **I. Historiography & Methodology** (Key: XFN79DUT)

Get all items in a specific Zotero collection. Supports detail='keys_only' (minimal), 'summary' (default, no abstracts), or 'full' (with abstracts). Includes PDF/notes indicators. include_subcollections=True also returns items filed in collections nested beneath this one (default False, matching Zotero's own 'Search subcollections' checkbox). For a collection larger than limit, page through it with offset (the response names the next offset to pass). TIP: To find papers on a specific topic, use zotero_semantic_search instead — it's faster and returns only relevant results.

List the child items (attachments, notes, annotations under an attachment) of one OR MANY parent Zotero items. Use it to find an item's PDF/EPUB attachment key before zotero_create_annotation or zotero_get_pdf_outline — those take an attachment key, NOT the parent item key. item_key: one 8-character parent key, or an ARRAY of keys (a JSON-encoded list string also works). Pass every key you have in ONE call: a batch is one API round trip instead of N, and a bad key is reported in its own section instead of aborting. Returns markdown — one key: attachments (content type, filename) and notes in full under the parent title; several keys: one compact line per child, grouped under each parent. Scope: active library only. Examples: zotero_get_item_children(item_key='RTKZQI8E'); zotero_get_item_children(item_key=['RTKZQI8E', '9UZR8GXT']).

List all tags used in the currently active Zotero library, as a flat markdown list (one tag per line). Use this for tag discovery before filtering with zotero_search_by_tag or batch-editing with zotero_batch_update. Scope is the active library only — switch with zotero_switch_library before listing. The list is flat: tags have no parent/child structure in Zotero, only a colon convention ("area/subtag") that this tool preserves verbatim. limit: cap on tags returned; None (default) returns all. Example output: - to-read - methods/qualitative - AI agents

List every Zotero library this MCP can address: the user's personal library (switch to it with library_type='user'), all group libraries the user is a member of (with groupID), and (in local mode) RSS feed libraries. Each entry shows the library/group ID, display name, and item count. Use this to discover a library ID before calling zotero_switch_library — the two form a read-then-switch workflow. If the user only wants to see Zotero collections inside the CURRENT library, use zotero_get_collections instead. No parameters. In local mode: reads the local Zotero SQLite DB (fast, includes RSS feeds). In web mode: queries /groups via the Zotero web API (no feeds). Read-only; no side effects. The active library isn't flagged in the output — track it yourself from the last successful zotero_switch_library call (or the ZOTERO_LIBRARY_ID env var if none). Example: zotero_list_libraries().

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Switch the active library context. EVERY subsequent read/write tool call (collections, items, annotations, search — all of them) operates on the library set here. Changes persist for the rest of the session or until the next switch. Discover valid library IDs/types via zotero_list_libraries first; don't guess. library_id: library ID string as returned by zotero_list_libraries (numeric for user/group, numeric for feeds); for the personal library 'user' or '0' also work. library_type: 'user' — the personal library; 'group' (default) — a group library; 'feeds' — a local RSS feed library; 'default' — RESET to whatever the ZOTERO_LIBRARY_ID / ZOTERO_LIBRARY_TYPE env vars configure (library_id is ignored in this mode). Fails fast if the library_id isn't accessible under the current credentials. Example: zotero_switch_library(library_id='5294983', library_type='group') or zotero_switch_library(library_id='', library_type='default').

List the most recently ADDED items (by dateAdded) in the active library, optionally scoped to a single collection. Use this for 'what did I add recently?' questions — NOT for general topic search (use zotero_semantic_search) or for a collection's full contents (use zotero_get_collection_items). limit: how many recent items to return (default 10). collection_key: optional 8-character collection key to restrict results to that collection; when omitted, returns the N most recent items across the whole library. Ordering is dateAdded DESC. All item types are returned, INCLUDING standalone notes and attachments — so results can mix papers, notes, and loose PDFs. If you only want parent items, filter client-side by itemType in the output. Scope: active library only (switch with zotero_switch_library). Example: zotero_get_recent(limit=20) or zotero_get_recent(collection_key='MT53KB66', limit=5).

Set or clear the parent of a Zotero item. Pass a parent item key to assign or change the parent, or null to make the item top-level. Zotero validates whether the requested parent-child relationship is allowed.

Request permission to write to the local Zotero library (Zotero 10+). BLOCKS until the user answers a dialog that appears in the Zotero app, so tell them to switch to Zotero before calling this. "Always Allow" grants a reusable key that is saved for future sessions; "Allow" grants a key good for exactly ONE write. Call this when a write tool reports that no writable backend is configured and zotero_write_capabilities says the server supports local writes but no key is held. Not needed in web API mode. app_name: the name shown to the user in the dialog. timeout: seconds to wait for the answer (5-55, default 45). Zotero rate-limits this to about 5 prompts per minute — do not retry in a loop. Example: zotero_authorize_local_writes().

Report whether and how this server can write to Zotero: local API, web API, hybrid (local reads + cloud writes), or nothing. Read-only and instant — it never opens a dialog. Call it when a write tool reports that no writable backend is configured, to find out which fix applies before asking the user for anything: if the local server supports writes but no key is held, call zotero_authorize_local_writes; otherwise web API credentials are needed. Takes no arguments. Example: zotero_write_capabilities().

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Read specific page range(s) from a PDF attachment of a Zotero item. Use this when you know which pages to read — for example after getting the PDF outline via zotero_get_pdf_outline. Pages are 1-indexed. format='text' (default) returns Markdown with the heading structure preserved and flags pages whose equations, figures or tables the text garbles. format='image' returns the pages as PNG images (up to 10) so those can be read exactly; rect=[x, y, width, height] (normalized 0-1, e.g. from zotero_get_page_layout) returns just that region of start_page, zoomed in.

Search Zotero items by substring match against metadata (title, creators, year, and — in 'everything' mode — abstract). Returns metadata + abstracts as markdown. IMPORTANT: keep queries SHORT and SIMPLE — 'Author Year' (e.g. 'Brewer 2011') or just an author name ('Cladder-Micus'). This is substring matching, not web search: each extra word NARROWS the match, so adding topic words usually returns fewer results, not more. For topic discovery, use zotero_semantic_search instead; for tag filtering use zotero_search_by_tag. If a query finds nothing, this tool automatically falls back to simplified queries and then semantic search. query: required substring. qmode: 'titleCreatorYear' (default) matches only title/authors/year; 'everything' also searches abstract. item_type: '-attachment' (default) excludes attachments; pass 'journalArticle', 'book', etc. to filter. tag: optional list of tag conditions (ANDed). limit: max results (default 10). collection_key: 8-char key to restrict to a collection (bypasses the fallback cascade). include_subcollections: also search collections nested beneath it (default False). search_all_libraries: search personal + all group libraries at once, labelling each result with its library — use it when you don't know which library holds the item. Needs the SQLite backend (the default in local mode); excludes collection_key. Example: zotero_search_items(query='Cladder-Micus') or zotero_search_items(query='Brewer 2011', search_all_libraries=True).

Find items carrying one or more tags, with boolean syntax support. tag: list of tag strings; each entry is a condition ANDed with the others, and within an entry you can use ' OR ' for disjunction and a leading '-' for exclusion. Example: tag=['methods OR methodology', '-draft'] matches items tagged 'methods' OR 'methodology' AND NOT tagged 'draft'. item_type: '-attachment' (default) excludes attachments; pass 'journalArticle', 'book', etc. to filter. limit: max results (default 10). collection_key: optional 8-char key to scope to a collection. include_subcollections: also search collections nested beneath it (default False). Use zotero_get_tags to discover available tag names first. For free-text content search, use zotero_search_items or zotero_semantic_search instead. Example: zotero_search_by_tag(tag=['to-read'], limit=20).

Look up a single Zotero item by its BetterBibTeX citation key (e.g. 'Smith2024' or 'cladderMicus2018'). Returns that one item's metadata, or a not-found message if no item has that key. citekey: the citation key exactly as assigned by BetterBibTeX (case-sensitive). Matches Zotero's native citationKey field, then any 'Citation Key:' line in Extra. In web mode a key the API's search does not surface is found by scanning the library, which is slower on large libraries. For partial-key or free-text lookup, use zotero_search_items. Example: zotero_search_by_citation_key(citekey='hasan2026mcp') → metadata for that single item.

Advanced item search with multiple structured-field conditions joined by AND or OR. Use this when you need to filter by fields that zotero_search_items and zotero_search_by_tag can't express (date ranges, specific itemTypes, etc.). For plain text use zotero_search_items; for tags use zotero_search_by_tag; for topic discovery use zotero_semantic_search. conditions: list of {field, operation, value} dicts (also accepts a JSON string). Common fields: title, creator, date, dateAdded, dateModified, tag, itemType, publicationTitle, abstractNote, collection. Supported operations (exhaustive): is, isNot, contains, doesNotContain, beginsWith, endsWith, isGreaterThan, isLessThan, isBefore, isAfter. For 'added in the last N days', use field='dateAdded' with operation='isAfter' and an ISO date value (e.g. '2026-03-22'). join_mode: 'all' (AND, default) or 'any' (OR). sort_by: dateAdded, dateModified, title, creator, etc. sort_direction: 'asc' (default) or 'desc'. limit: max results (default 50, max 500). include_subcollections: make a 'collection' condition match items anywhere in that collection's subtree, for the is/isNot operations (default False). search_all_libraries: search every accessible library at once, labelling each result with its library; needs the SQLite backend (the default in local mode). 'tag' conditions work; 'collection' conditions and include_subcollections do not. Example: zotero_advanced_search(conditions=[{'field': 'itemType', 'operation': 'is', 'value': 'preprint'}, {'field': 'dateAdded', 'operation': 'isAfter', 'value': '2026-03-22'}], join_mode='all').

Collect every highlight, annotation comment, and child note across a scope and organize them into a structured, per-paper digest that YOU (the agent) can then synthesize into a literature summary. This tool does NOT call an LLM — it only gathers and groups the raw material, so the synthesis step is yours. collection_key: optional 8-character collection key; when given, only annotations/notes whose resolved paper is a member of that collection are included. When omitted, the whole active library is scanned (capped by limit). tag: optional tag or list of tags to filter items by (accepts a string, a JSON list, or a list). limit: cap on annotations/notes scanned (default 200) to keep the call tractable. format='markdown' (default) groups the digest by paper; format='json' returns the same highlights and notes as structured records for downstream processing. Markdown output has each paper heading followed by its highlights (with attached comments) and any note excerpts — plus a top summary line counting papers, highlights, and notes. Use this before writing a thematic review so you can spot themes and contradictions across sources. Example: zotero_synthesize_annotations(collection_key='MT53KB66').

Render a formatted bibliography or in-text citations for a set of Zotero items using Zotero's own CSL citation engine, so you can drop references straight into a manuscript. item_keys: optional list of 8-character item keys (also accepts a JSON list string); takes precedence over collection_key. collection_key: optional collection to export instead; if neither is given, the active library is exported. style: CSL style short name (default 'apa'); e.g. 'modern-language-association', 'chicago-note-bibliography', 'ieee'. Ignored for bibtex. export_format: 'bib' (formatted reference-list entries, default), 'citation' (in-text citation strings), or 'bibtex' (raw BibTeX for .bib files). Output: markdown naming the style/format, then the rendered entries (a fenced block for bibtex, a numbered list otherwise). Rendering uses Zotero's own CSL engine and works in local mode with no API credentials, as well as over the web API. item_keys is capped at 100 items per call; a collection or the whole library is exported in full (top-level items only). Example: zotero_export_bibliography(item_keys=['RTKZQI8E'], style='apa', export_format='bib').

Edit metadata across many items in one call: add/remove tags and upsert/remove `Key: value` lines in Extra (Better BibTeX keys, tex.* fields). Select items by item_keys, and/or a free-text query, and/or an existing tag (query and tag are ANDed; tag may be a list to OR); item_keys wins. At least one selector AND one action are required. add_tags/remove_tags keep the item's other tags — not a replace-all. set_keys upserts Extra lines, matching a line case-insensitively by its `key:` prefix and replacing it in place, else appending; remove_keys deletes those lines; lines without a colon are preserved. limit: max items for query/tag selection (default 50, at most 1000); the report says when more matched. A query-only selection leaves attachments out; Extra edits skip attachments, notes and annotations. Items needing no change are skipped and counted. Requires a writable library. Example: zotero_batch_update(tag='to-read', add_tags=['reviewed'], remove_tags=['to-read']).

Create a new collection (project/folder) in your Zotero library. To create a subcollection, pass parent_collection (not parent_key) as either a collection key (8-character string like 'KMMQDFQ4'), a collection name, or a 'Parent/Child' path when the name is shared. Use zotero_search_collections to find collection keys.

Delete a collection (folder) from your Zotero library by its 8-character key. Items inside the collection are NOT deleted — they remain in the library (and in any other collections they belong to). Subcollections ARE deleted along with the parent. This is a hard delete — Zotero's API does not trash collections, so the operation cannot be undone via the API. Use zotero_search_collections to find the key first. Example: zotero_delete_collection(collection_key="KMMQDFQ4").

Rename a collection or move it under a different parent, keeping its key, subcollections and item membership (#517). collection_key: the 8-character key of the collection to change. name: the new name, or omit to keep it. parent_collection: key, name or 'Parent/Child' path of the new parent; a collection cannot be moved under itself or one of its own subcollections. to_top_level=True moves it out of any parent. Pass at least one change. Use zotero_search_collections to find keys. Example: zotero_update_collection(collection_key="KMMQDFQ4", name="AI & ML").

Search collections by name in the active library and return their 8-character keys. Matching is case-insensitive substring and applies ONLY to the collection's own name — not to parent names, descriptions, or items inside the collection. Multi-word queries are ANDed across words (NOT OR-ed): query 'reading list' matches only collections whose name contains both 'reading' AND 'list'. To match either word, issue two separate searches. Leading/trailing whitespace is ignored and empty words are dropped. Returns the collection's key plus its parent (if any). include_trashed: when True, also match collections currently in the Zotero Trash (results annotated as such). Default False — trashed collections are otherwise invisible to automated clients. Performance: scans all collections in the active library (O(n)); for very large libraries expect a full-list pagination under the hood. Example: zotero_search_collections(query="orals") → keys for every collection with "orals" in its name.

Change which collections existing items belong to — an incremental add/remove of item membership, NOT collection creation (use zotero_create_collection / zotero_delete_collection for that). item_keys must be an ARRAY of item keys, e.g. ["KEY1", "KEY2"] — not a single string. add_to and remove_from accept arrays of collection keys, names, or '/'-separated paths (resolved and validated automatically; unknown, trashed, or ambiguous specs fail before anything is changed). Existing memberships not named in remove_from are left alone; to replace an item's memberships wholesale use zotero_update_item. Use zotero_search_items to find item keys and zotero_search_collections to find collection keys.

Update metadata on an existing Zotero item by key. Only what you pass is changed. fields: {name: value} of metadata to set (a JSON object string is accepted). Names may be snake_case (title, date, doi, url, abstract, publication_title, access_date, short_title, book_title, citation_key, item_type, place, extra, volume, issue, pages, publisher, issn, isbn, edition, language) or any raw Zotero API field name. An unknown name fails the call and lists the valid ones; a name that is not valid for this item's type is reported as skipped. item_type migrates the item (overlapping fields kept, type-specific ones dropped). TAG SEMANTICS (easy to get wrong): tags REPLACES the whole tag list; add_tags/remove_tags are incremental and preferred. They are mutually exclusive with tags. collections (keys) and collection_names likewise REPLACE membership — pass collections=[] to clear it; for incremental moves use zotero_set_item_collections. creators: full replacement list of {creatorType, firstName, lastName} objects. Requires a writable library (fails in local-only mode). To edit notes use zotero_manage_note. Example: zotero_update_item(item_key='RTKZQI8E', fields={'doi': '10.1145/3708319'}, add_tags=['reviewed']).

Move a Zotero item to the Trash. Works for any item type (book, journalArticle, webpage, attachment, etc.). For notes, use zotero_manage_note(action='delete') — identical mechanism, constrained to notes for safety. Trashed items are recoverable from Zotero's Trash — empty the Trash in the Zotero UI for permanent deletion. By default refuses to trash notes; set allow_note=True to override.

Extract the table of contents (outline/bookmarks) from a PDF attachment, returned as a hierarchical markdown list with each entry's page number. Use this to orient in a paper before calling zotero_get_item_fulltext — the outline is typically < 200 tokens versus 10K+ for the full text. If the PDF has no embedded outline, returns a short 'no outline' message rather than failing. item_key: the PDF ATTACHMENT key OR the parent item key — both are accepted; attachment-to-parent resolution is automatic. Find the right key with zotero_get_item_children if unsure. Scope: PDFs only (EPUBs have no outline extraction here). Requires PyMuPDF (the [pdf] extra). Read-only; works in local or web mode. Example: zotero_get_pdf_outline(item_key='RTKZQI8E').

Attach a file to an EXISTING Zotero item as an imported child attachment (uploads the file bytes). Use when the item is already in the library and you have its key — e.g. attaching a PDF you found for a reference. To create a NEW item from a file, use zotero_add_item(source=<file path>) instead. item_key: key of the existing REGULAR item. Passing an attachment/note key fails with a hint to use its parent. file_path: ABSOLUTE local path (.pdf, .epub, .djvu, .doc, .docx, .odt, .rtf). url: direct http(s) link, downloaded server-side — PDF-only; for other formats download locally and use file_path. Exactly one of file_path/url must be given. filename: optional stored-filename override; defaults to the file's basename or the URL's last path segment (falling back to <item_key>.pdf); a missing extension is appended automatically. Returns the created attachment's key. Idempotent: if the item already has an attachment with the same filename or identical content (MD5), nothing is re-uploaded. Requires a writable library (fails in local-only mode). Uploads count against the Zotero cloud storage quota unless WebDAV sync is configured. Run zotero_update_search_database afterwards to index the new file for semantic search. link_mode: 'import' (default) uploads the file bytes; 'linked' records the absolute path only (like Zotero's 'Add Link to File') — the file is NOT moved or copied and no cloud quota is used. 'linked' requires file_path (not url) and a writable library; filename then only sets the title. Example: zotero_attach_file(item_key='ABCD2345', file_path='/Users/me/smith-2020.pdf').

Add item(s) to Zotero from any source: DOI, URL, ISBN, BibTeX, CSL JSON, or a local file. Use for every 'add this to Zotero' request. source: the identifier, URL, citation text, or ABSOLUTE file path. DOI/URL/ISBN/PMID also take many at once (list or comma/newline-separated). BibTeX/CSL JSON may be inline (many entries per call) or a path to .bib/.bibtex/.json/.csljson; documents are .pdf, .epub, .docx and similar. source_type: 'auto' (default) detects it, incl. comma/newline DOI lists; override for URL/ISBN batches. Routing: doi → CrossRef (best metadata — prefer a DOI when you have one); url → doi.org/arxiv.org get full metadata, anything else becomes a bare 'webpage' item that is often not citable, so resolve to a DOI first; isbn → Open Library then Google Books (noisy — verify after); bibtex/csl_json → one item per entry, citation key kept in Extra; file → extracts the PDF's DOI and enriches via CrossRef, else guesses from filename/text, then attaches the file. collections: keys, names, or '/'-paths ('_project/topic'), validated before anything is created — an unknown or ambiguous spec fails the call rather than leaving an unfiled item; create_missing_collections=True creates them instead. if_exists: 'duplicate' (default) always creates; 'file' is idempotent — reuses the item matching the DOI/ISBN/URL, adding missing collections/tags, never removing; 'skip' leaves a match untouched. attach_mode: 'auto' (default) attaches an OA PDF, 'linked_url' bookmarks it, 'none' skips, 'required' fails without one. title: file sources only, when extraction misses. Requires a writable library (fails in local-only mode). Run zotero_update_search_database afterwards for semantic search. Example: zotero_add_item(source='10.1145/3708319', collections=['9SU943GB'], if_exists='file').