Laravel Best Practices

<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use App\Http\Requests\StorePostRequest;use App\Http\Requests\UpdatePostRequest;use App\Models\Post;use Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse;
class PostController extends Controller{    public function store(StorePostRequest $request): RedirectResponse    {        // Validation happens automatically        $validated = $request->validated();
        $post = Post::create($validated);
        return redirect()            ->route('posts.show', $post)            ->with('success', 'Post created successfully.');    }
    public function update(UpdatePostRequest $request, Post $post): RedirectResponse    {        $post->update($request->validated());
        return redirect()            ->route('posts.show', $post)            ->with('success', 'Post updated successfully.');    }}

<?php
namespace App\Http\Requests;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Http\FormRequest;
class StorePostRequest extends FormRequest{    public function authorize(): bool    {        return $this->user()->can('create', Post::class);    }
    public function rules(): array    {        return [            'title' => ['required', 'string', 'max:255'],            'body' => ['required', 'string', 'min:100'],            'category_id' => ['required', 'exists:categories,id'],            'tags' => ['nullable', 'array'],            'tags.*' => ['exists:tags,id'],            'published_at' => ['nullable', 'date', 'after:now'],        ];    }
    public function messages(): array    {        return [            'body.min' => 'The post body must be at least 100 characters.',        ];    }}

<?php
namespace App\Services;
use App\Models\User;use App\Models\Post;use App\Events\PostPublished;use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
class PostService{    public function __construct(        private readonly NotificationService $notifications,    ) {}
    public function publish(Post $post): Post    {        return DB::transaction(function () use ($post) {            $post->update([                'published_at' => now(),                'status' => 'published',            ]);
            event(new PostPublished($post));
            $this->notifications->notifyFollowers($post->author, $post);
            return $post->fresh();        });    }}

<?php
namespace App\Models;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsToMany;use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
class Post extends Model{    use HasFactory;
    protected $fillable = [        'title',        'slug',        'body',        'category_id',        'published_at',    ];
    protected $casts = [        'published_at' => 'datetime',    ];
    // Relationships    public function author(): BelongsTo    {        return $this->belongsTo(User::class, 'user_id');    }
    public function category(): BelongsTo    {        return $this->belongsTo(Category::class);    }
    public function tags(): BelongsToMany    {        return $this->belongsToMany(Tag::class)->withTimestamps();    }
    // Scopes    public function scopePublished(Builder $query): Builder    {        return $query->whereNotNull('published_at')            ->where('published_at', '<=', now());    }
    public function scopeByCategory(Builder $query, int $categoryId): Builder    {        return $query->where('category_id', $categoryId);    }
    // Accessors & Mutators    protected function title(): Attribute    {        return Attribute::make(            set: fn (string $value) => ucfirst($value),        );    }}

<?php
use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
return new class extends Migration{    public function up(): void    {        Schema::create('posts', function (Blueprint $table) {            $table->id();            $table->foreignId('user_id')->constrained()->cascadeOnDelete();            $table->foreignId('category_id')->constrained()->cascadeOnDelete();            $table->string('title');            $table->string('slug')->unique();            $table->text('body');            $table->timestamp('published_at')->nullable();            $table->timestamps();
            // Indexes for common queries            $table->index(['user_id', 'published_at']);            $table->index('category_id');        });    }
    public function down(): void    {        Schema::dropIfExists('posts');    }};

// N+1 Problem$posts = Post::all();foreach ($posts as $post) {    echo $post->author->name;  // Query per post}
// Eager loading — only 3 queries total$posts = Post::with(['author', 'category', 'tags'])->get();foreach ($posts as $post) {    echo $post->author->name;  // No additional queries}
// Nested eager loading$posts = Post::with([    'author.profile',    'comments.user',    'tags',])->get();
// Constrained eager loading$posts = Post::with([    'comments' => fn ($query) => $query->latest()->limit(5),])->get();