Scenekit

作者 dpearson26998d90fd121a26无许可证1.1K 个星标收录于 2026年10月8日更新于 2026年10月8日仓库2个月前更新

Maintain and extend existing SceneKit 3D scenes and visualizations. Use when working with SCNView, SCNScene, SCNNode scene graphs, SceneKit geometry/materials/lights/cameras, SCNAction animation, SCNPhysicsBody physics, SCNParticleSystem effects, .scn/.dae/.abc SceneKit assets, shader modifiers, or SwiftUI SceneView. SceneKit is soft-deprecated and in maintenance mode; route new apps, significant updates, USD/USDZ pipelines, and migration planning toward RealityKit.

仅含说明Software Development
AI 生成的概览

指导维护和扩展现有 SceneKit 3D 场景，并建议将新项目迁移到 RealityKit。

功能
该技能为现有 SceneKit 3D 场景提供参考指导，涵盖 SCNView 与 SCNScene 设置、节点图、几何体、材质、灯光、相机、动画、物理、粒子系统、资源加载以及 SwiftUI SceneView 集成。它包含代码示例、常见错误和审查清单，并建议将新项目、重大更新和 USD/USDZ 流程转向 RealityKit。其产出是指导性说明和代码示例，而非文件或脚本。
适用场景
适用于维护或扩展现有 SceneKit 场景时，例如调整节点、材质、灯光、相机、动画、物理或粒子。也适用于审查 SceneKit 代码或判断相关工作是否应改用 RealityKit 的场景。
运行要求
无脚本，仅为说明性指导。面向 Apple 平台，假定使用 Swift、SceneKit，可能还涉及 SwiftUI 或 UIKit，并需要 .scn、.dae 或 .abc 等 SceneKit 资源文件。

SceneKit

Maintain existing SceneKit scenes only. Apple deprecated SceneKit at WWDC 2025 and limits it to maintenance; route new projects, major modernization, and USD/USDZ pipelines to RealityKit. Existing apps continue to work.

Contents

Scene Setup

SCNView in UIKit

swift
import SceneKit
let sceneView = SCNView(frame: view.bounds)sceneView.scene = SCNScene()sceneView.allowsCameraControl = truesceneView.autoenablesDefaultLighting = truesceneView.backgroundColor = .blackview.addSubview(sceneView)

allowsCameraControl adds built-in orbit, pan, and zoom gestures. Typically disabled in production where custom camera control is needed.

Creating an SCNScene

swift
let scene = SCNScene()                                          // Emptyguard let scene = SCNScene(named: "art.scnassets/ship.scn")     // .scn in .scnassets    else { fatalError("Missing scene asset") }let url = Bundle.main.url(forResource: "ship", withExtension: "dae")!let scene = try SCNScene(url: url, options: [.checkConsistency: true])

Nodes and Geometry

Every scene has a rootNode. All content exists as descendant nodes. Nodes define position, orientation, and scale in their parent's coordinate system. SceneKit uses a right-handed coordinate system: +X right, +Y up, +Z toward the camera.

swift
let parentNode = SCNNode()scene.rootNode.addChildNode(parentNode)
let childNode = SCNNode()childNode.position = SCNVector3(0, 1, 0)  // 1 unit above parentparentNode.addChildNode(childNode)

Transforms

swift
node.position = SCNVector3(x: 0, y: 2, z: -5)node.eulerAngles = SCNVector3(x: 0, y: .pi / 4, z: 0)  // 45-degree Y rotationnode.scale = SCNVector3(2, 2, 2)node.simdPosition = SIMD3<Float>(0, 2, -5)  // Prefer simd for performance

Built-in Primitives

SCNBox, SCNSphere, SCNCylinder, SCNCone, SCNTorus, SCNCapsule, SCNTube, SCNPlane, SCNFloor, SCNText, SCNShape (extruded Bezier path).

swift
let node = SCNNode(geometry: SCNSphere(radius: 0.5))

Finding Nodes

swift
let maxNode = scene.rootNode.childNode(withName: "Max", recursively: true)let enemies = scene.rootNode.childNodes { node, _ in    node.name?.hasPrefix("enemy") == true}

Materials

SCNMaterial defines surface appearance. Use firstMaterial for single-material geometries or the materials array for multi-material.

Color and Texture

swift
let material = SCNMaterial()material.diffuse.contents = UIColor.systemBlue     // Solid colormaterial.diffuse.contents = UIImage(named: "brick") // Texturematerial.normal.contents = UIImage(named: "brick_normal")sphere.firstMaterial = material

Physically Based Rendering (PBR)

swift
let pbr = SCNMaterial()pbr.lightingModel = .physicallyBasedpbr.diffuse.contents = UIImage(named: "albedo")pbr.metalness.contents = 0.8       // Scalar or texturepbr.roughness.contents = 0.2       // Scalar or texturepbr.normal.contents = UIImage(named: "normal")pbr.ambientOcclusion.contents = UIImage(named: "ao")

Lighting Models

.physicallyBased (metalness/roughness), .blinn (default), .phong, .lambert (diffuse-only), .constant (unlit), .shadowOnly.

Each material property is an SCNMaterialProperty accepting UIColor, UIImage, CGFloat scalar, SKTexture, CALayer, or AVPlayer.

Transparency

swift
material.transparency = 0.5material.transparencyMode = .dualLayermaterial.isDoubleSided = true

Lighting

Attach an SCNLight to a node. The light's direction follows the node's negative Z-axis.

Light Types

swift
// Ambient: uniform, no directionlet ambient = SCNLight()ambient.type = .ambientambient.color = UIColor(white: 0.3, alpha: 1)
// Directional: parallel rays (sunlight)let directional = SCNLight()directional.type = .directionaldirectional.castsShadow = true
// Omni: point light, all directionslet omni = SCNLight()omni.type = .omniomni.attenuationEndDistance = 20
// Spot: cone-shapedlet spot = SCNLight()spot.type = .spotspot.spotInnerAngle = 20spot.spotOuterAngle = 60

Attach to a node:

swift
let lightNode = SCNNode()lightNode.light = directionallightNode.eulerAngles = SCNVector3(-Float.pi / 3, 0, 0)lightNode.position = SCNVector3(0, 10, 10)scene.rootNode.addChildNode(lightNode)

Shadows

swift
light.castsShadow = truelight.shadowMapSize = CGSize(width: 2048, height: 2048)light.shadowSampleCount = 8light.shadowRadius = 3.0light.shadowColor = UIColor(white: 0, alpha: 0.5)

Category Bit Masks

swift
light.categoryBitMask = 1 << 1     // Category 2node.categoryBitMask = 1 << 1      // Only lit by category-2 lights

SceneKit renders a maximum of 8 lights per node. Use attenuationEndDistance on point/spot lights so SceneKit skips them for distant nodes.

Cameras

Attach an SCNCamera to a node to define a viewpoint.

swift
let cameraNode = SCNNode()cameraNode.camera = SCNCamera()cameraNode.position = SCNVector3(0, 5, 15)cameraNode.look(at: SCNVector3Zero)scene.rootNode.addChildNode(cameraNode)sceneView.pointOfView = cameraNode

Configuration

swift
camera.fieldOfView = 60                        // Degreescamera.zNear = 0.1camera.zFar = 500camera.automaticallyAdjustsZRange = true
// Orthographiccamera.usesOrthographicProjection = truecamera.orthographicScale = 10

Depth-of-field (wantsDepthOfField, focusDistance, fStop) and HDR effects (wantsHDR, bloomIntensity, bloomThreshold, screenSpaceAmbientOcclusionIntensity) are configured directly on SCNCamera.

Animation

SceneKit provides three animation approaches.

SCNAction (Declarative, Game-Oriented)

Reusable, composable animation objects attached to nodes.

swift
let move = SCNAction.move(by: SCNVector3(0, 2, 0), duration: 1)let rotate = SCNAction.rotateBy(x: 0, y: .pi, z: 0, duration: 1)node.runAction(.group([move, rotate]))
// Sequentialnode.runAction(.sequence([.fadeOut(duration: 0.3), .removeFromParentNode()]))
// Infinite looplet pulse = SCNAction.sequence([    .scale(to: 1.2, duration: 0.5),    .scale(to: 1.0, duration: 0.5)])node.runAction(.repeatForever(pulse))

SCNTransaction (Implicit Animation)

swift
SCNTransaction.begin()SCNTransaction.animationDuration = 1.0node.position = SCNVector3(5, 0, 0)node.opacity = 0.5SCNTransaction.completionBlock = { print("Done") }SCNTransaction.commit()

Explicit Animations (Core Animation)

swift
let animation = CABasicAnimation(keyPath: "rotation")animation.toValue = NSValue(scnVector4: SCNVector4(0, 1, 0, Float.pi * 2))animation.duration = 2animation.repeatCount = .infinitynode.addAnimation(animation, forKey: "spin")

Physics

Physics Bodies

swift
node.physicsBody = SCNPhysicsBody(type: .dynamic, shape: nil)   // Forces + collisionsfloor.physicsBody = SCNPhysicsBody(type: .static, shape: nil)    // Immovableplatform.physicsBody = SCNPhysicsBody(type: .kinematic, shape: nil) // Code-driven

When shape is nil, SceneKit derives it from geometry. For performance, use simplified shapes:

swift
let shape = SCNPhysicsShape(    geometry: SCNBox(width: 1, height: 2, length: 1, chamferRadius: 0),    options: nil)node.physicsBody = SCNPhysicsBody(type: .dynamic, shape: shape)node.physicsBody?.mass = 2.0node.physicsBody?.restitution = 0.3

Applying Forces

swift
node.physicsBody?.applyForce(SCNVector3(0, 10, 0), asImpulse: false) // Continuousnode.physicsBody?.applyForce(SCNVector3(0, 5, 0), asImpulse: true)   // Instantnode.physicsBody?.applyTorque(SCNVector4(0, 1, 0, 2), asImpulse: true)

Collision Detection

swift
struct PhysicsCategory {    static let player:     Int = 1 << 0    static let enemy:      Int = 1 << 1    static let ground:     Int = 1 << 2}
playerNode.physicsBody?.categoryBitMask = PhysicsCategory.playerplayerNode.physicsBody?.collisionBitMask = PhysicsCategory.ground | PhysicsCategory.enemyplayerNode.physicsBody?.contactTestBitMask = PhysicsCategory.enemy
scene.physicsWorld.contactDelegate = self
func physicsWorld(_ world: SCNPhysicsWorld, didBegin contact: SCNPhysicsContact) {    handleCollision(between: contact.nodeA, and: contact.nodeB)}

Gravity

swift
scene.physicsWorld.gravity = SCNVector3(0, -9.8, 0)node.physicsBody?.isAffectedByGravity = false

Particle Systems

SCNParticleSystem creates effects like fire, smoke, rain, and sparks.

swift
let particles = SCNParticleSystem()particles.birthRate = 100particles.particleLifeSpan = 2particles.particleSize = 0.1particles.particleColor = .orangeparticles.emitterShape = SCNSphere(radius: 0.5)particles.particleVelocity = 2particles.isAffectedByGravity = trueparticles.blendMode = .additive
let emitterNode = SCNNode()emitterNode.addParticleSystem(particles)scene.rootNode.addChildNode(emitterNode)

Load from Xcode particle editor with SCNParticleSystem(named: "fire.scnp", inDirectory: nil). Particles can collide with geometry via colliderNodes.

Loading Models

SceneKit's documented scene-source formats are .scn, .dae, and .abc. For bundled assets, place scene files in a .scnassets folder and texture images in asset catalogs so Xcode can optimize them for target devices.

USD/USDZ is the RealityKit migration path, not the default SceneKit loading path. For new projects, significant updates, or SCN-to-USD asset conversion, handoff to the RealityKit skill.

swift
enum SceneAssetError: Error { case missingResource, missingNode(String) }
func loadCheckedScene() throws -> SCNScene {    guard let url = Bundle.main.url(forResource: "model", withExtension: "dae")    else { throw SceneAssetError.missingResource }
    let scene = try SCNScene(url: url, options: [.checkConsistency: true])    guard scene.rootNode.childNode(withName: "mesh", recursively: true) != nil    else { throw SceneAssetError.missingNode("mesh") }    return scene}

Use this as an authoring/import gate: stop on a consistency or required-node failure, fix the source asset or import options, then repeat the same check. For generated .scn files, load Scene Serialization [blocked] and require both export success and a checked reload before commit.

Use SCNReferenceNode with .onDemand loading policy for large models. For import-time unit conversion, use SCNSceneSource.LoadingOption:

swift
let source = SCNSceneSource(url: url, options: nil)!let scene = try source.scene(options: [.convertUnitsToMeters: 1.0])

Do not use SCNScene.Attribute.unit or UnitMetersPerUnit. SCNScene.Attribute is metadata only: .startTime, .endTime, .frameRate, and .upAxis.

SwiftUI Integration

SceneView embeds SceneKit in SwiftUI:

swift
import SwiftUIimport SceneKit
struct SceneKitView: View {    let scene: SCNScene = {        let scene = SCNScene()        let sphere = SCNNode(geometry: SCNSphere(radius: 1))        sphere.geometry?.firstMaterial?.lightingModel = .physicallyBased        sphere.geometry?.firstMaterial?.diffuse.contents = UIColor.systemBlue        sphere.geometry?.firstMaterial?.metalness.contents = 0.8        scene.rootNode.addChildNode(sphere)        return scene    }()
    var body: some View {        SceneView(scene: scene,                  options: [.allowsCameraControl, .autoenablesDefaultLighting])    }}

Options: .allowsCameraControl, .autoenablesDefaultLighting, .jitteringEnabled, .temporalAntialiasingEnabled.

For render loop control, wrap SCNView in UIViewRepresentable with an SCNSceneRendererDelegate coordinator. See references/scenekit-patterns.md [blocked].

Common Mistakes

Not adding a camera or lights

swift
// DON'T: Scene renders blank or black -- no camera, no lightssceneView.scene = scene
// DO: Add camera + lights, or use convenience flagslet cameraNode = SCNNode()cameraNode.camera = SCNCamera()cameraNode.position = SCNVector3(0, 5, 15)scene.rootNode.addChildNode(cameraNode)sceneView.pointOfView = cameraNodesceneView.autoenablesDefaultLighting = true

Using exact geometry for physics shapes

swift
// DON'Tnode.physicsBody = SCNPhysicsBody(type: .dynamic,    shape: SCNPhysicsShape(geometry: complexMesh, options: nil))
// DO: Simplified primitivenode.physicsBody = SCNPhysicsBody(type: .dynamic,    shape: SCNPhysicsShape(        geometry: SCNBox(width: 1, height: 2, length: 1, chamferRadius: 0),        options: nil))

Modifying transforms on dynamic bodies

swift
// DON'T: Resets physics simulationdynamicNode.position = SCNVector3(5, 0, 0)
// DO: Use forces/impulsesdynamicNode.physicsBody?.applyForce(SCNVector3(10, 0, 0), asImpulse: true)

Review Checklist

  • Scene has at least one camera node set as pointOfView
  • Scene has appropriate lighting (or autoenablesDefaultLighting for prototyping)
  • Physics shapes use simplified geometry, not full mesh detail
  • contactTestBitMask set for bodies that need collision callbacks
  • SCNPhysicsContactDelegate assigned to scene.physicsWorld.contactDelegate
  • Dynamic body transforms changed via forces/impulses, not direct position
  • Lights limited to 8 per node; attenuationEndDistance set on point/spot lights
  • Materials use .physicallyBased lighting model for realistic rendering
  • SceneKit assets use documented .scn, .dae, or .abc scene-source formats
  • Imported and exported assets pass consistency and required-node checks before commit
  • Bundled SceneKit textures/images use asset catalogs or Xcode-optimized resources
  • Scene metadata/import options use documented API; no invented SCNScene.Attribute.unit
  • New USD/USDZ pipelines or significant updates are routed to RealityKit
  • Game Center authentication, leaderboards, achievements, or multiplayer are handed off to GameKit
  • SCNReferenceNode used for large models to enable lazy loading
  • Particle birthRate and particleLifeSpan balanced to control particle count
  • categoryBitMask used to scope lights and cameras to relevant nodes
  • SwiftUI scenes use SceneView or UIViewRepresentable-wrapped SCNView
  • Deprecation acknowledged; RealityKit evaluated for new projects

References

来源与署名

来源：dpearson2699/swift-ios-skills位于skills/scenekit提交8d90fd1

许可证： 无许可证

内容归原作者所有。SourceWeft 从公开仓库中收录这些内容。

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