编码标准与最佳实践
适用于所有项目的通用编码标准。
何时激活
- 开始新项目或新模块时
- 审查代码质量和可维护性时
- 重构现有代码以遵循约定时
- 强制执行命名、格式或结构一致性时
- 设置代码检查、格式化或类型检查规则时
- 引导新贡献者熟悉编码规范时
代码质量原则
1. 可读性优先
- 代码被阅读的次数远多于被编写的次数
- 清晰的变量和函数名
- 优先选择自文档化代码,而非注释
- 一致的格式化
2. KISS (保持简单,傻瓜)
- 采用能工作的最简单方案
- 避免过度设计
- 不要过早优化
- 易于理解 > 聪明的代码
3. DRY (不要重复自己)
- 将通用逻辑提取到函数中
- 创建可复用的组件
- 跨模块共享工具函数
- 避免复制粘贴式编程
4. YAGNI (你不会需要它)
- 不要预先构建不需要的功能
- 避免推测性泛化
- 仅在需要时增加复杂性
- 从简单开始,需要时再重构
TypeScript/JavaScript 标准
变量命名
typescript
// PASS: GOOD: Descriptive namesconst marketSearchQuery = 'election'const isUserAuthenticated = trueconst totalRevenue = 1000
// FAIL: BAD: Unclear namesconst q = 'election'const flag = trueconst x = 1000函数命名
typescript
// PASS: GOOD: Verb-noun patternasync function fetchMarketData(marketId: string) { }function calculateSimilarity(a: number[], b: number[]) { }function isValidEmail(email: string): boolean { }
// FAIL: BAD: Unclear or noun-onlyasync function market(id: string) { }function similarity(a, b) { }function email(e) { }不可变性模式 (关键)
typescript
// PASS: ALWAYS use spread operatorconst updatedUser = { ...user, name: 'New Name'}
const updatedArray = [...items, newItem]
// FAIL: NEVER mutate directlyuser.name = 'New Name' // BADitems.push(newItem) // BAD错误处理
typescript
// PASS: GOOD: Comprehensive error handlingasync function fetchData(url: string) { try { const response = await fetch(url)
if (!response.ok) { throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}: ${response.statusText}`) }
return await response.json() } catch (error) { console.error('Fetch failed:', error) throw new Error('Failed to fetch data') }}
// FAIL: BAD: No error handlingasync function fetchData(url) { const response = await fetch(url) return response.json()}Async/Await 最佳实践
typescript
// PASS: GOOD: Parallel execution when possibleconst [users, markets, stats] = await Promise.all([ fetchUsers(), fetchMarkets(), fetchStats()])
// FAIL: BAD: Sequential when unnecessaryconst users = await fetchUsers()const markets = await fetchMarkets()const stats = await fetchStats()类型安全
typescript
// PASS: GOOD: Proper typesinterface Market { id: string name: string status: 'active' | 'resolved' | 'closed' created_at: Date}
function getMarket(id: string): Promise<Market> { // Implementation}
// FAIL: BAD: Using 'any'function getMarket(id: any): Promise<any> { // Implementation}React 最佳实践
组件结构
typescript
// PASS: GOOD: Functional component with typesinterface ButtonProps { children: React.ReactNode onClick: () => void disabled?: boolean variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary'}
export function Button({ children, onClick, disabled = false, variant = 'primary'}: ButtonProps) { return ( <button onClick={onClick} disabled={disabled} className={`btn btn-${variant}`} > {children} </button> )}
// FAIL: BAD: No types, unclear structureexport function Button(props) { return <button onClick={props.onClick}>{props.children}</button>}自定义 Hooks
typescript
// PASS: GOOD: Reusable custom hookexport function useDebounce<T>(value: T, delay: number): T { const [debouncedValue, setDebouncedValue] = useState<T>(value)
useEffect(() => { const handler = setTimeout(() => { setDebouncedValue(value) }, delay)
return () => clearTimeout(handler) }, [value, delay])
return debouncedValue}
// Usageconst debouncedQuery = useDebounce(searchQuery, 500)状态管理
typescript
// PASS: GOOD: Proper state updatesconst [count, setCount] = useState(0)
// Functional update for state based on previous statesetCount(prev => prev + 1)
// FAIL: BAD: Direct state referencesetCount(count + 1) // Can be stale in async scenarios条件渲染
typescript
// PASS: GOOD: Clear conditional rendering{isLoading && <Spinner />}{error && <ErrorMessage error={error} />}{data && <DataDisplay data={data} />}
// FAIL: BAD: Ternary hell{isLoading ? <Spinner /> : error ? <ErrorMessage error={error} /> : data ? <DataDisplay data={data} /> : null}API 设计标准
REST API 约定
GET /api/markets # 列出所有市场GET /api/markets/:id # 获取特定市场POST /api/markets # 创建新市场PUT /api/markets/:id # 更新市场(完整)PATCH /api/markets/:id # 更新市场(部分)DELETE /api/markets/:id # 删除市场
# 用于筛选的查询参数GET /api/markets?status=active&limit=10&offset=0响应格式
typescript
// PASS: GOOD: Consistent response structureinterface ApiResponse<T> { success: boolean data?: T error?: string meta?: { total: number page: number limit: number }}
// Success responsereturn NextResponse.json({ success: true, data: markets, meta: { total: 100, page: 1, limit: 10 }})
// Error responsereturn NextResponse.json({ success: false, error: 'Invalid request'}, { status: 400 })输入验证
typescript
import { z } from 'zod'
// PASS: GOOD: Schema validationconst CreateMarketSchema = z.object({ name: z.string().min(1).max(200), description: z.string().min(1).max(2000), endDate: z.string().datetime(), categories: z.array(z.string()).min(1)})
export async function POST(request: Request) { const body = await request.json()
try { const validated = CreateMarketSchema.parse(body) // Proceed with validated data } catch (error) { if (error instanceof z.ZodError) { return NextResponse.json({ success: false, error: 'Validation failed', details: error.errors }, { status: 400 }) } }}文件组织
项目结构
src/├── app/ # Next.js App Router│ ├── api/ # API routes│ ├── markets/ # Market pages│ └── (auth)/ # Auth pages (route groups)├── components/ # React components│ ├── ui/ # Generic UI components│ ├── forms/ # Form components│ └── layouts/ # Layout components├── hooks/ # Custom React hooks├── lib/ # Utilities and configs│ ├── api/ # API clients│ ├── utils/ # Helper functions│ └── constants/ # Constants├── types/ # TypeScript types└── styles/ # Global styles文件命名
components/Button.tsx # 组件使用帕斯卡命名法hooks/useAuth.ts # 使用 'use' 前缀的驼峰命名法lib/formatDate.ts # 工具函数使用驼峰命名法types/market.types.ts # 使用 .types 后缀的驼峰命名法注释与文档
何时添加注释
typescript
// PASS: GOOD: Explain WHY, not WHAT// Use exponential backoff to avoid overwhelming the API during outagesconst delay = Math.min(1000 * Math.pow(2, retryCount), 30000)
// Deliberately using mutation here for performance with large arraysitems.push(newItem)
// FAIL: BAD: Stating the obvious// Increment counter by 1count++
// Set name to user's namename = user.name公共 API 的 JSDoc
typescript
/** * Searches markets using semantic similarity. * * @param query - Natural language search query * @param limit - Maximum number of results (default: 10) * @returns Array of markets sorted by similarity score * @throws {Error} If OpenAI API fails or Redis unavailable * * @example * ```typescript * const results = await searchMarkets('election', 5) * console.log(results[0].name) // "Trump vs Biden" * ``` */export async function searchMarkets( query: string, limit: number = 10): Promise<Market[]> { // Implementation}性能最佳实践
记忆化
typescript
import { useMemo, useCallback } from 'react'
// PASS: GOOD: Memoize expensive computations// Copy before sorting - Array.prototype.sort mutates in placeconst sortedMarkets = useMemo(() => { return [...markets].sort((a, b) => b.volume - a.volume)}, [markets])
// PASS: GOOD: Memoize callbacksconst handleSearch = useCallback((query: string) => { setSearchQuery(query)}, [])懒加载
typescript
import { lazy, Suspense } from 'react'
// PASS: GOOD: Lazy load heavy componentsconst HeavyChart = lazy(() => import('./HeavyChart'))
export function Dashboard() { return ( <Suspense fallback={<Spinner />}> <HeavyChart /> </Suspense> )}数据库查询
typescript
// PASS: GOOD: Select only needed columnsconst { data } = await supabase .from('markets') .select('id, name, status') .limit(10)
// FAIL: BAD: Select everythingconst { data } = await supabase .from('markets') .select('*')测试标准
测试结构 (AAA 模式)
typescript
test('calculates similarity correctly', () => { // Arrange const vector1 = [1, 0, 0] const vector2 = [0, 1, 0]
// Act const similarity = calculateCosineSimilarity(vector1, vector2)
// Assert expect(similarity).toBe(0)})测试命名
typescript
// PASS: GOOD: Descriptive test namestest('returns empty array when no markets match query', () => { })test('throws error when OpenAI API key is missing', () => { })test('falls back to substring search when Redis unavailable', () => { })
// FAIL: BAD: Vague test namestest('works', () => { })test('test search', () => { })代码异味检测
警惕以下反模式:
1. 长函数
typescript
// FAIL: BAD: Function > 50 linesfunction processMarketData() { // 100 lines of code}
// PASS: GOOD: Split into smaller functionsfunction processMarketData() { const validated = validateData() const transformed = transformData(validated) return saveData(transformed)}2. 深层嵌套
typescript
// FAIL: BAD: 5+ levels of nestingif (user) { if (user.isAdmin) { if (market) { if (market.isActive) { if (hasPermission) { // Do something } } } }}
// PASS: GOOD: Early returnsif (!user) returnif (!user.isAdmin) returnif (!market) returnif (!market.isActive) returnif (!hasPermission) return
// Do something3. 魔法数字
typescript
// FAIL: BAD: Unexplained numbersif (retryCount > 3) { }setTimeout(callback, 500)
// PASS: GOOD: Named constantsconst MAX_RETRIES = 3const DEBOUNCE_DELAY_MS = 500
if (retryCount > MAX_RETRIES) { }setTimeout(callback, DEBOUNCE_DELAY_MS)记住:代码质量不容妥协。清晰、可维护的代码能够实现快速开发和自信的重构。


